New York county well guide

Well Water in Madison County, NY: Testing, Contractors and Rules

About 7,324 households in Madison County, 26% of the county, rely on a private well. Nobody tests that water unless the owner does.

Labs within 40 milesLicensed contractors
26%of households on a private well
Share on wells, county vs state
Madison County26%
New York average25%
2licensed contractors serve the county
7 mito the nearest certified lab, A & P Water Testing
Nostatewide test required when a home is sold

About one in 4 households in Madison County relies on a private well, around 7,324 homes. Outside the towns with public water, wells are the norm here.

Local rules for wells in Madison County

The rules that apply in Madison County are set at the state level in New York. The state does not require a test on a new well, and nothing is required at sale. Some counties and townships add permits or setbacks of their own, so check locally before drilling. The state's own recommendations are below.

At a glance

Water test for a new wellNot required statewide

No single statewide rule. The driller must be DEC-registered, file a preliminary notice before drilling, disinfect the finished well under NYSDOH Appendix 5-B, and send a well completion report to DEC and to you within 30 days. NYSDOH says a new well should be tested before use for coliform bacteria, nitrate, nitrite, arsenic, lead, iron, manganese, sodium, hardness, pH and turbidity. Many county health departments (Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Dutchess, Suffolk and others) require a permit and a passing water test before a new well can be used.

Water test when a home is soldNot required statewide

No statewide requirement. A few counties and towns require a well test or well inspection when a property changes hands, and FHA, VA and USDA loans usually ask for a bacteria and nitrate test. Check with the county health department.

What the state recommends

NYSDOH recommends a coliform bacteria test every year, plus a first-time panel of nitrate, nitrite, arsenic, lead, iron, manganese, sodium, sulfate, hardness, pH, alkalinity and turbidity, then periodic re-testing of whatever showed up. Add radon, uranium, methane or PFAS where they are known in your area.

Free or low-cost testingAvailable

No statewide free program. Several county health departments run their own ELAP-certified labs and sell low-cost bacteria and nitrate tests (Erie, Monroe, Suffolk, Nassau, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Allegany). Others keep a list of local certified labs.

Getting your water tested near Madison County

The nearest certified lab is A & P Water Testing in Morrisville, about 7 miles from the county center. There are 2 more within 40 miles, listed below with what each tests for.

3 certified labs within 40 miles

Licensed well contractors serving Madison County

Licensed help in Madison County includes A W Kincaid Water Systems, Inc and A.W. Kincaid, Inc. Every listing was matched to the New York license list; the "verify" link on each profile opens the state lookup.

Well depth and water chemistry

Well depth and water chemistry in Madison County follow the rock underneath it. Typical wells here run 100 to 400 ft in bedrock across most of upstate; 30 to 150 ft in glacial sand and gravel valleys and on Long Island feet. Contaminants worth testing for in this part of New York include coliform bacteria, nitrate (farm valleys and older septic areas), arsenic (parts of central and western new york), iron and manganese.

Typical well depth

Varies by location. Check the state well record search for logs of nearby wells.

Contaminants to test for
  • Coliform bacteria
  • Nitrate (farm valleys and older septic areas)
  • Arsenic (parts of central and western New York)
  • Iron and manganese
  • Hardness (limestone country)
  • Sodium and chloride (road salt)
  • Sulfate and hydrogen sulfide (shale areas)
  • Radon and uranium (Southern Tier and Adirondack bedrock)
  • Methane (Southern Tier shale)
  • PFAS (Hoosick Falls
  • Newburgh and other hot spots)
  • Barium and fluoride (western New York)

Neighboring counties: Oneida County, Onondaga County, Cortland County, Chenango County.

What well work costs in Madison County

Basic bacteria and nitrate test$25 to $75lab fee, homeowner sample
Full panel lab test$150 to $400metals, VOCs, radiologicals
Well inspection$250 to $550flow, pressure, visual, water test
Submersible pump replacement$1,200 to $4,500parts and labor
Pressure tank replacement$400 to $1,200installed
Whole-house treatment system$800 to $6,000softener, iron filter, UV, RO
New well drilled$5,500 to $25,000about $25 to $65 per foot
Shock chlorination$80 to $300or about $20 as a DIY job

National ranges from published 2025 to 2026 contractor pricing. Local quotes vary with depth, access and materials.

Questions Madison County well owners ask

How many homes in Madison County are on a well?

About 7,324, or 26% of households, based on Census housing data and state well surveys. The share is highest outside the towns with public water.

Where is the closest certified lab to Madison County?

A & P Water Testing in Morrisville, about 7 miles away. Call first to ask whether they accept homeowner samples.

Do I need a permit to drill a well in Madison County?

No single statewide rule. The driller must be DEC-registered, file a preliminary notice before drilling, disinfect the finished well under NYSDOH Appendix 5-B, and send a well completion report to DEC and to you within 30 days. NYSDOH says a new well should be tested before use for coliform bacteria, nitrate, nitrite, arsenic, lead, iron, manganese, sodium, hardness, pH and turbidity. Many county health departments (Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Dutchess, Suffolk and others) require a permit and a passing water test before a new well can be used.

What does a well test cost near Madison County?

A bacteria and nitrate test runs $25 to $75 at most certified labs; a full panel with metals is $150 to $400. Mail-in kits cost about the same as walking in.